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  • Home
  • Introduction to Composites
    • Fundamentals of composite materials
      • How Composites Differ From Metals
      • When to Use Composites
      • Composites design
      • Composites manufacturing
    • Systems approach to composite materials
  • Foundational Knowledge
    • Materials science
      • Material structure
        • Polymer (matrix) structure
          • Thermoplastic polymers
          • Thermoset polymers
      • Material properties
        • Basic Definitions of Material Properties
          • Thermal conductivity
          • Specific heat capacity
          • Thermal diffusivity
        • Polymer properties
          • Heat of reaction
          • Degree of cure
          • Outgassing of Polymer Resins
          • Viscosity (resin)
          • Glass transition temperature (Tg)
        • Reinforcement properties
        • Composite properties
          • Fatigue Limits
          • Safety Factors
          • Macro-Mechanics
          • Micro-Mechanics
    • Processing science
      • Thermal behaviour
        • Heat transfer
          • Conduction
          • Convection
        • Thermal phase transitions of polymers
        • Cure of thermosetting polymers
    • Foundational method documents
      • How to measure curing time and degree of cure
      • How to measure gel time
      • How to measure reinforcement content (and corresponding matrix content)
      • Tensile Testing
  • Systems Knowledge
    • System parameters - inputs and outcomes
    • System interactions
    • Thermal and cure/crystallization management (TM)
      • Effect of material in a thermal management system
      • Effect of shape in a thermal management system
      • Effect of tooling in a thermal management system
      • Effect of equipment in a thermal management system
    • Materials deposition and consolidation management (MDCM)
    • Residual stress and dimensional control management (RSDM)
      • Effect of material in a RSDM system
      • Effect of shape in a RSDM system
      • Effect of tooling in a RSDM system
      • Effect of equipment in a RSDM system
    • Machining and assembly management (MAM)
    • Quality/inspection management (QIM)
    • Systems knowledge method documents
      • How to perform an experimental thermal profile
  • Systems Catalogue
    • The factory
      • Factory layout (where)
      • Objects in the factory (what)
        • Material
          • Cores & inserts
            • Foam
            • Honeycomb
          • Prepreg
          • Matrix
            • Fire Retardant Resins/Additives
            • Epoxy resin
            • Polyester resin
        • Shape
        • Tooling and consumables
        • Equipment
          • Autoclave
          • Room temperature transformation
          • Hot press
          • Oven
      • Factory cells (where and how)
        • Testing
          • Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA)
        • Material deposition
          • Compression moulding
          • Hand layup prepreg (Autoclave/Out-of-autoclave) processing
          • Vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)/resin infusion (VARI)
          • Wet layup
        • Thermal transformation
    • Resources
      • Composites Courses at Canadian HEI
  • Practice
    • Integrated Product Development
      • Practice for Developing a Product
        • Composite Production Part Drawing
        • Selecting Functional Requirements
        • Shape Development
        • Material Selection
        • Practice for Identifying Process Steps
      • Practice for Developing a Process Step
        • Practice for Developing a Deposition Step
          • Resin degassing
        • Practice for Developing a Demoulding Step
        • Practice for Developing a Consolidation Step
          • Debulking
          • Consolidation of Thermoplastics
          • Vacuum Bagging
            • Vacuum Bagging for Prepregs
            • Vacuum Bagging for Vacuum Infusion
        • Practice for Developing a Receiving and Storage Step
        • Practice for developing a thermal transformation process step
          • Developing production scale tooling
      • Ensuring quality during curing of thick parts
      • Ensuring quality during production of variable thickness parts
      • Maintaining equivalency during cure for different fibre architectures
      • Ensuring tooling choice meets part quality metrics
    • Production Optimization
      • Process selection for production scale-up
      • Decreasing Cure Cycle Time
      • Increasing throughput by curing parts simultaneously
      • Maintaining quality when scaling-up from coupons to production-ready parts
      • Optimizing a cure cycle for improved production rates
    • Production Troubleshooting
      • Practice for troubleshooting a Light RTM step
      • Troubleshooting quality issues during cure for different equipment types
      • Transitioning tooling styles between different thermal transformation equipment
      • Troubleshooting scaling issues from small to large parts
      • Troubleshooting when changing production tooling material
      • Troubleshooting tooling to achieve part quality
      • Troubleshooting a cure cycle for improved production rates
      • Maintaining part quality when changing curing equipment
      • Troubleshooting part quality during cure when changing the reinforcement
      • Troubleshooting scale-up issues from thin to thick parts
      • Ensuring appropriate resin flow and part consolidation for a new cure cycle
      • Troubleshooting scaling-up issues from coupons to parts
      • Ensuring appropriate resin flow and part consolidation for a new material
  • Case Studies
    • Development
      • Lack of Requirements in Product Development
      • Conducting a thermal tooling survey on three complex tools of different materials
      • Developing for Future Production Scale Up
      • Use of Right Sized Simulation to Aid Decision Making in Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing Systems
      • Feasibility of Using Composite Materials in Mobile Food Truck Tandoor Ovens
      • Automotive Battery Enclosure Material and Manufacturing Assessment
    • Optimization
      • Optimization of a hot press process for bike components
      • Optimizing Cost vs Weight for Low Production Volume Parts
      • Cost Comparison Study of a GFRP Leisure Boat Hull Manufacturing Method; Spray Up vs Resin Infusion
      • Using Barcol Hardness Measurements to Correlate Hardness and Degree of Cure
    • Troubleshooting
      • Troubleshooting of room temperature processes for large recreational and industrial parts
  • Perspectives
    • Presentations
      • Dr. Anoush Poursartip's cdmHUB global composites expert webinar
    • Interviews
      • Interview with Prof. Kevin Potter
    • AIM Events - Webinars
      • Implementation of Bolted Joints in Composites
      • Filament Winding
      • Introduction to Bolted Joints in Composites
      • Introduction to Damage and Repair of Composite Sandwich Structures
      • Introduction to Non-Destructive Testing of Composite Materials
      • Introduction to Repair of Composite Structures
      • Viscoelasticity and Composite Materials
      • Introduction to Adhesive Bonding - Part II
      • Introduction to Adhesive Bonding - Part I
      • Sandwich Panels in Aerospace
      • Introduction to Tooling for Composite Materials Processing
      • An Introduction to Composites Sustainability
      • Porosity in Composite Materials - Part II
      • Porosity in Composite Materials - Part I
      • Pultrusion of Thermoplastic Composites
      • Simulation models for rapid liquid composite molding
      • CKN’s Approach to Developing Products with Composite Materials
      • Introduction to Sandwich Structures - Materials and Processing
      • Case Study: Optimizing a Press Moulding Process
      • Introduction to the welding of thermoplastic composites
      • Introduction to the processing of thermoplastic composites
      • Heat Transfer in Composites Processing
      • Effect of cure on mechanical properties of a composite (Part 2 of 2)
      • Effect of cure on mechanical properties of a composite (Part 1 of 2)
      • Fabric Forming: how it affects design and processing, and how simulation can address this
      • Fibre Architecture: Availability, pros and cons, and selection for my application
      • Strengthening the Canadian Advanced Manufacturing Innovation Ecosystem: What types of intellectual property matter, and to whom?
      • Understanding Polyester Resin Processing: The Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Final Part
      • Composites Process Simulation: A Review of the State of the Art for Product Development
      • Resin Behaviour During Processing: What are the key resin properties to consider when developing a manufacturing process?
      • The Composites Knowledge in Practice Centre – an open resource for composites manufacturing knowledge and best practices
      • Deconstructing composites ''processing'' - Why it seems so complex and how to think about it in a structured way
      • Parameters for Structural Analysis of Composites
      • Costing composite parts
      • Composite materials engineering webinar series
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 1 - Introduction
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 2 - Constituent Materials - Fiber
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 3 - Constituent materials - Resin
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 4 - Thermal management and resin cure
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 5 - Manufacturing processes - Introduction
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 6 - Manufacturing processes - Prepreg processing
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 7 - Manufacturing processes - Liquid composite moulding
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 8 - Mechanics of composites - Part 1: Lamina level
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 9 - Mechanics of composites - Part 2: Laminate level
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 10 - Failure of composites
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 11 - Defects
        • Composite materials engineering webinar session 12 - Testing
    • Diversity & Inclusion Coffee Breaks
      • D&I with Janice Barton
      • D&I featuring Kero Saleib
      • D&I featuring Rosemary Pham
      • D&I featuring Sampada Bodkhe
      • D&I featuring Isabelle Paris
      • D&I featuring Janic Lauzon
      • D&I featuring Anoush Poursartip
      • D&I featuring Courtney Mandock

Composite materials engineering webinar session 3 - Constituent materials - Resin - A122

From CKN Knowledge in Practice Centre
Perspectives - A8AIM Events - Webinars - A115Composite materials engineering webinar series - A119Composite materials engineering webinar session 3 - Constituent materials - Resin - A122
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Composite materials engineering webinar session 3 - Constituent materials - Resin
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Document Identifier 122
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Webinar Date
  • June 3, 2020

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Composites are made up of two separate and distinct materials referred to as constituent materials. In this session we focus on commonly used polymer matrix materials such as epoxy, polyester, and PEEK. Both thermoset and thermoplastic materials are discussed. Examples of typical applications are presented along with information on selecting the right resin for your application.

Webinar[edit | edit source]

Webinar slides[edit | edit source]

Webinar slides available by clicking on the icon below

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Additional information for select chapters[edit | edit source]

Chapter Chapter Title Links to related information in the Knowledge in Practice Centre
1 Welcome & introductions N/A
2 Overview of Webinar Series
3 Composites constituent Materials
4 Purpose of the matrix
5 Types of composites by matrix
6 Overview of polymer matrix composites
7 Overview of thermoset polymers
8 Polymerization of thermosets
9 Thermoset curing: Gelation & vitrification
10 Heating after cure: Degradation of thermosets
11 Terminology: Overview N/A
12 Terminology: Heat of reaction
13 Terminology: Degree of Cure (DOC)
14 Effect of temperature on final degree of cure
15 Terminology: Viscosity
16 Effect of temperature & DOC on viscosity
17 Terminology: Cure shrinkage
18 Terminology: Glass transition temperature (Tg)
19 Terminology: Cure cycle
20 Development of Tg and DOC during cure
21 Development of viscosity & modulus during cure
22 Case study: Smart improvement of production rate
23 Overview of thermoplastic polymers
24 Thermoplastic morphologies
25 Thermoplastic thermal response
26 Tg & Tm temperatures of common thermoplastics Future content
27 Recyclability of thermoplastics Future content
28 Thermal response comparison Future content
29 Epoxy resin overview
30 Polyester resin overview
31 PEEK (polyether ether ketone) overview Future content
32 PEI (polyetherimide) overview Future content
33 Wrap-up N/A
34 Q&A N/A


Related pages

Page type Links
Introduction to Composites Articles
Foundational Knowledge Articles
Foundational Knowledge Method Documents
Foundational Knowledge Worked Examples
Systems Knowledge Articles
Systems Knowledge Method Documents
Systems Knowledge Worked Examples
Systems Catalogue Articles
Systems Catalogue Objects – Material
Systems Catalogue Objects – Shape
Systems Catalogue Objects – Tooling and consumables
Systems Catalogue Objects – Equipment
Practice Documents
Case Studies
Perspectives Articles



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The individual materials that combine to form the composite material. The constituent materials are separate and distinct on a macroscopic level.

The continuous material phase that binds the reinforcement together, maintains shape, transfers load, protects the reinforcement from environment and damage, and provides the composite support in compression.

Desirable characteristics:

  • Moisture/chemical resistance
  • Low density
  • Processability

Thermosets are a class of polymer that undergo polymerization and crosslinking during curing with the aid of a hardening agent and heating or promoter. Initially they behave like a viscous fluid. During curing, they change from viscous fluid to rubbery gel (viscoelastic material) and finally glassy solid.

If heated after curing, initially they become soft and rubbery at high temperatures. If further heated, they do not melt but decompose (burn)

Comes in two parts: part A (resin) and B (hardener). When mixed, curing reaction starts and is not reversible.

Examples include epoxy or polyester.

A class of polymer, some common examples include polypropylene and polyethylene.

They soften and melt upon heating (i.e. potentially recyclable), high viscosity when melted, therefore difficult to saturate fibres. Usually needs a lot of pressure and heat to process.

For polymer matrix composites (PMCs), resin refers to the matrix; the continuous material phase that binds the reinforcement together, maintains shape, and transfers load. Resins are divided into two main groups: thermosets and thermoplastics.

Degree of cure (DOC) is an indication of how far the chemical curing reaction (crosslinking process) has advanced in a thermoset resin.

DOC is defined with a number between 0 and 1 (or 0% and 100%) where 100% is a fully cured resin. It does not have to fully reach 100% for the resin to become solid or the part to be used. In some aerospace applications, resins are only cured to about 90%. Higher the degree of cure, higher the mechanical properties.

In composites processing, viscosity is an indicator of how easily the resin matrix will mix with the reinforcement and how well it will stay in place during processing. The lower the viscosity, the more easily resin flows. Resin viscosity ranges considerably across chemistries and formulations.

By scientific definition, viscosity is a measure of a material’s resistance to deformation. For liquids, it is in response to imposed shear stresses.

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Welcome

Welcome to the CKN Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC). The KPC is a resource for learning and applying scientific knowledge to the practice of composites manufacturing. As you navigate around the KPC, refer back to the information on this right-hand pane as a resource for understanding the intricacies of composites processing and why the KPC is laid out in the way that it is. The following video explains the KPC approach:

Understanding Composites Processing

The Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC) is centered around a structured method of thinking about composite material manufacturing. From the top down, the heirarchy consists of:

The way that the material, shape, tooling & consumables and equipment (abbreviated as MSTE) interact with each other during a process step is critical to the outcome of the manufacturing step, and ultimately critical to the quality of the finished part. The interactions between MSTE during a process step can be numerous and complex, but the Knowledge in Practice Centre aims to make you aware of these interactions, understand how one parameter affects another, and understand how to analyze the problem using a systems based approach. Using this approach, the factory can then be developed with a complete understanding and control of all interactions.

The relationship between material, shape, tooling & consumables and equipment during a process step


Interrelationship of Function, Shape, Material & Process

Design for manufacturing is critical to ensuring the producibility of a part. Trouble arises when it is considered too late or not at all in the design process. Conversely, process design (controlling the interactions between shape, material, tooling & consumables and equipment to achieve a desired outcome) must always consider the shape and material of the part. Ashby has developed and popularized the approach linking design (function) to the choice of material and shape, which influence the process selected and vice versa, as shown below:

The relationship between function, material, shape and process


Within the Knowledge in Practice Centre the same methodology is applied but the process is more fully defined by also explicitly calling out the equipment and tooling & consumables. Note that in common usage, a process which consists of many steps can be arbitrarily defined by just one step, e.g. "spray-up". Though convenient, this can be misleading.

The relationship between function, material, shape and process consisting of Equipment and Tooling and consumables


Workflows

The KPC's Practice and Case Study volumes consist of three types of workflows:

  • Development - Analyzing the interactions between MSTE in the process steps to make decisions on processing parameters and understanding how the process steps and factory cells fit within the factory.
  • Troubleshooting - Guiding you to possible causes of processing issues affecting either cost, rate or quality and directing you to the most appropriate development workflow to improve the process
  • Optimization - An expansion on the development workflows where a larger number of options are considered to achieve the best mixture of cost, rate & quality for your application.
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