Reference - Voids in biocomposites and their hybrids
| Type | Journal |
|---|---|
| Title | Voids in biocomposites and their hybrids |
| Abstract | Polymer composite materials are categorized as biocomposites. The classification was made based on the biodegradability of the matrix and the fiber used in the polymer composite material. The rise in demand for biocomposites is related to the rise in awareness about their impact on everyday activity on earth. However, because their material technology is relatively new compared with their synthetic polymer composites, more study and research are being performed to understand and develop a reliable range of biocomposites for applications. One aspect that has influence their properties is the formation of voids, also known as porosity in biocomposites. This chapter reviews the different formations of voids that have were established in research on polymer composite materials and how they relate to the formation of voids in biocomposite polymers. In particular, focus is given to biocomposites with plant-based natural fibers as reinforcement. The review starts with different sources that contribute to the formation of voids, the different types of voids that can form, and the processes that affect this formation. After the discussion of how it forms, the chapter discusses the moisture absorption test in terms of the significance of its results and how its measurements are conducted. Optical analysis is another important method available to produce supplementary data to support and strengthen the discussion on voids. Hence optical analysis is also reviewed and some examples of how the data looks are shown in the later part of the chapter. Finally, the effect of vibration on the formation of voids is reviewed as a possible alternative in the process of reducing voids for biocomposites. |
| Accessed | 2026-03-04 |
| Authors |
|
| Date | 2018-1-1 |
| Pages | 193-213 |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Journal | Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites |
| Websites | |
| DOI | 10.1016/B978-0-08-102292-4.00011-4 |
| ISBN | 9780081022924 |
| Keywords | Biocomposite, Moisture absorption, Optical analysis, Polymer composite, Vibration, Voids |
Welcome
Welcome to the CKN Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC). The KPC is a resource for learning and applying scientific knowledge to the practice of composites manufacturing. As you navigate around the KPC, refer back to the information on this right-hand pane as a resource for understanding the intricacies of composites processing and why the KPC is laid out in the way that it is. The following video explains the KPC approach:
Understanding Composites Processing
The Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC) is centered around a structured method of thinking about composite material manufacturing. From the top down, the heirarchy consists of:
- The factory
- Factory cells and/or the factory layout
- Process steps (embodied in the factory process flow) consisting of:
The way that the material, shape, tooling & consumables and equipment (abbreviated as MSTE) interact with each other during a process step is critical to the outcome of the manufacturing step, and ultimately critical to the quality of the finished part. The interactions between MSTE during a process step can be numerous and complex, but the Knowledge in Practice Centre aims to make you aware of these interactions, understand how one parameter affects another, and understand how to analyze the problem using a systems based approach. Using this approach, the factory can then be developed with a complete understanding and control of all interactions.
Interrelationship of Function, Shape, Material & Process
Design for manufacturing is critical to ensuring the producibility of a part. Trouble arises when it is considered too late or not at all in the design process. Conversely, process design (controlling the interactions between shape, material, tooling & consumables and equipment to achieve a desired outcome) must always consider the shape and material of the part. Ashby has developed and popularized the approach linking design (function) to the choice of material and shape, which influence the process selected and vice versa, as shown below:
Within the Knowledge in Practice Centre the same methodology is applied but the process is more fully defined by also explicitly calling out the equipment and tooling & consumables. Note that in common usage, a process which consists of many steps can be arbitrarily defined by just one step, e.g. "spray-up". Though convenient, this can be misleading.
Workflows
The KPC's Practice and Case Study volumes consist of three types of workflows:
- Development - Analyzing the interactions between MSTE in the process steps to make decisions on processing parameters and understanding how the process steps and factory cells fit within the factory.
- Troubleshooting - Guiding you to possible causes of processing issues affecting either cost, rate or quality and directing you to the most appropriate development workflow to improve the process
- Optimization - An expansion on the development workflows where a larger number of options are considered to achieve the best mixture of cost, rate & quality for your application.
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