Reference - Spring-in analysis of CFRP thin laminates: numerical and experimental results
| Type | Journal |
|---|---|
| Title | Spring-in analysis of CFRP thin laminates: numerical and experimental results |
| Abstract | During the cure process of CFRP laminates, some geometrical unconformities can arise, due to several thermomechanical and thermochemical phenomena that make residual stress rise. Among these unconformities, one of the most studied is the spring-in, that is the deviation of the flange-to-flange angle from the design value. In this work a numerical model suitable to determine the spring-in value was developed and verified. The proposed model considered both the thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical phenomena that happen during the cure process. Then, the numerical model was used for calculating the spring-in angle of lots of different laminates in order to evaluate the influence of the thickness, the corner radius and the layup sequence on the laminate deformation. For evaluating the influence of the above mentioned parameter on the spring-in a full factorial plan was designed, and the FEM analysis allowed a saving of time, energy and material. It was found that only the layup sequence influenced the spring-in. Finally, a preliminary analysis stated the possibility to extend the proposed model also to other geometries, such as U-shaped laminates. |
| Accessed | 2019-11-19 |
| Authors |
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| Date | 2017-8-1 |
| Pages | 17-24 |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Journal | Composite Structures |
| Volume | 173 |
| Websites | |
| DOI | 10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2017.03.105 |
| ISSN | 0263-8223 |
Welcome
Welcome to the CKN Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC). The KPC is a resource for learning and applying scientific knowledge to the practice of composites manufacturing. As you navigate around the KPC, refer back to the information on this right-hand pane as a resource for understanding the intricacies of composites processing and why the KPC is laid out in the way that it is. The following video explains the KPC approach:
Understanding Composites Processing
The Knowledge in Practice Centre (KPC) is centered around a structured method of thinking about composite material manufacturing. From the top down, the heirarchy consists of:
- The factory
- Factory cells and/or the factory layout
- Process steps (embodied in the factory process flow) consisting of:
The way that the material, shape, tooling & consumables and equipment (abbreviated as MSTE) interact with each other during a process step is critical to the outcome of the manufacturing step, and ultimately critical to the quality of the finished part. The interactions between MSTE during a process step can be numerous and complex, but the Knowledge in Practice Centre aims to make you aware of these interactions, understand how one parameter affects another, and understand how to analyze the problem using a systems based approach. Using this approach, the factory can then be developed with a complete understanding and control of all interactions.
Interrelationship of Function, Shape, Material & Process
Design for manufacturing is critical to ensuring the producibility of a part. Trouble arises when it is considered too late or not at all in the design process. Conversely, process design (controlling the interactions between shape, material, tooling & consumables and equipment to achieve a desired outcome) must always consider the shape and material of the part. Ashby has developed and popularized the approach linking design (function) to the choice of material and shape, which influence the process selected and vice versa, as shown below:
Within the Knowledge in Practice Centre the same methodology is applied but the process is more fully defined by also explicitly calling out the equipment and tooling & consumables. Note that in common usage, a process which consists of many steps can be arbitrarily defined by just one step, e.g. "spray-up". Though convenient, this can be misleading.
Workflows
The KPC's Practice and Case Study volumes consist of three types of workflows:
- Development - Analyzing the interactions between MSTE in the process steps to make decisions on processing parameters and understanding how the process steps and factory cells fit within the factory.
- Troubleshooting - Guiding you to possible causes of processing issues affecting either cost, rate or quality and directing you to the most appropriate development workflow to improve the process
- Optimization - An expansion on the development workflows where a larger number of options are considered to achieve the best mixture of cost, rate & quality for your application.
